1887

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient human disease and remains today one of the most important public health problems and the second most frequent cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide. While pulmonary TB is the most common form, extra-pulmonary TB is on the rise due to the increase in immunosuppressed subjects. Cutaneous TB manifestations are rare forms of extra-pulmonary TB due to systemic dissemination of bacilli or direct inoculation, involving skin or skin-associated tissue, more common in immunocompromised subjects. Some risk factors and the features of the lesion may prompt the suspicion of cutaneous TB, but only microbiological assays can confirm the diagnosis. Our work summarizes cutaneous TB manifestations and differences from other skin mycobacterial infections, also describes two characteristic clinical cases.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005070
2016-11-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmmcr/3/6/jmmcr005070.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005070&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Aboutalebi A., Shen A., Katta R., Allen S. E. 2012; Primary cutaneous infection by Mycobacterium avium: a case report and literature review. Cutis 89:175–179[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Barry C. E. III, Boshoff H. I., Dartois V., Dick T., Ehrt S., Flynn J., Schnappinger D., Wilkinson R. J., Young D. 2009; The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:845–855 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bartralot R., Pujol R. M., García-Patos V., Sitjas D., Martín-Casabona N., Coll P., Alomar A., Castells A. 2000; Cutaneous infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria: histopathological review of 28 cases. Comparative study between lesions observed in immunosuppressed patients and normal hosts. J Cutan Pathol 27:124–129 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bartralot R., García-Patos V., Sitjas D., Rodríguez-Cano L., Mollet J., Martín-Casabona N., Coll P., Castells A., Pujol R. M. 2005; Clinical patterns of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Br J Dermatol 152:727–734 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bhambri S., Bhambri A., Del Rosso J. Q. 2009; Atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections. Dermatol Clin 27:63–73 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bhutto A. M., Solangi A., Khaskhely N. M., Arakaki H., Nonaka S. 2002; Clinical and epidemiological observations of cutaneous tuberculosis in Larkana, Pakistan. Int J Dermatol 41:159–165 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bishai W. R. 2000; Rekindling old controversy on elusive lair of latent tuberculosis. Lancet 356:2113–2114 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Böddinghaus B. K., Ludwig R. J., Kaufmann R., Enzensberger R., Gies V., Kramme S., Brade V., Brandt C. M. 2007; Leprosy in a pregnant woman. Infection 35:37–39 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bravo F. G., Gotuzzo E. 2007; Cutaneous tuberculosis. Clin Dermatol 25:173–180 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Chao M. C., Rubin E. J. 2010; Letting sleeping dos lie: does dormancy play a role in tuberculosis?. Annu Rev Microbiol 64:293–311 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Dartois V. 2014; The path of anti-tuberculosis drugs: from blood to lesions to mycobacterial cells. Nat Rev Microbiol 12:159–167 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Delogu G., Goletti D. 2014; The spectrum of tuberculosis infection: new perspectives in the era of biologics. J Rheumatol Suppl 91:11–16 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dias M. F., Bernardes Filho F., Quaresma M. V., Nascimento L. V., Nery J. A., Azulay D. R. 2014; Update on cutaneous tuberculosis. An Bras Dermatol 89:925–938 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. El-Khalawany M. A. 2014; Atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections in Egyptians: a clinicopathological study. J Dermatol 41:303–310 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gengenbacher M., Kaufmann S. H. 2012; Mycobacterium tuberculosis: success through dormancy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 36:514–532 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Goletti D., Sanduzzi A., Delogu G. 2014; Performance of the tuberculin skin test and interferon-γ release assays: an update on the accuracy, cutoff stratification, and new potential immune-based approaches. J Rheumatol Suppl 91:24–31 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Good J. T., Iseman M. D., Davidson P. T., Lakshminarayan S., Sahn S. A. 1981; Tuberculosis in association with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140:492–498 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Handog E. B., Gabriel T. G., Pineda R. T. 2008; Management of cutaneous tuberculosis. Dermatol Ther 21:154–161 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hautmann G., Lotti T. 1994; Atypical mycobacterial infections of the skin. Dermatol Clin 12:657–668[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Huiras E., Preda V., Maurer T., Whitfeld M. 2008; Cutaneous manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 3:453–460 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lai-Cheong J. E., Perez A., Tang V., Martinez A., Hill V., Menagé H. P. 2007; Cutaneous manifestations of tuberculosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 32:461–466 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Liao C. H., Lai C. C., Ding L. W., Hou S. M., Chiu H. C., Chang S. C., Hsueh P. R. 2007; Skin and soft tissue infection caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:96–102[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Lotti T., Hautmann G. 1993; Atypical mycobacterial infections: a difficult and emerging group of infectious dermatoses. Int J Dermatol 32:499–501[PubMed] [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Lowe D. M., Redford P. S., Wilkinson R. J., O'Garra A., Martineau A. R. 2012; Neutrophils in tuberculosis: friend or foe?. Trends Immunol 33:14–25 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Mehta P. K., Raj A., Singh N., Khuller G. K. 2012; Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by PCR. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 66:20–36 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Min K. W., Ko J. Y., Park C. K. 2012; Histopathological spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. J Cutan Pathol 39:582–595 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Mitha M., Naicker P., Taljaard J. 2011; Cutaneous Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a patient with AIDS post initiation of antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dev Ctries 5:553–555 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Neyrolles O., Hernández-Pando R., Pietri-Rouxel F., Fornès P., Tailleux L., Barrios Payán J. A., Pivert E., Bordat Y., Aguilar D. et al. 2006; Is adipose tissue a place for Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence?. PLoS One 1:e43 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ottenhoff T. H., Kaufmann S. H. 2012; Vaccines against tuberculosis: where are we and where do we need to go?. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002607 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Patel S. S., Tavana M. L., Boger M. S., Win S. S., Rimawi B. H. 2014; Necrotizing soft tissue infection occurring after exposure to Mycobacterium marinum . Case Rep Infect Dis 2014:702613 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Ramam M., Mittal R., Ramesh V. 2005; How soon does cutaneous tuberculosis respond to treatment? Implications for a therapeutic test of diagnosis. Int J Dermatol 44:121–124 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Ramam M., Tejasvi T., Manchanda Y., Sharma S., Mittal R. 2007; What is the appropriate duration of a therapeutic trial in cutaneous tuberculosis? Further observations. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 73:243–246 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Ranawaka R. R., Abeygunasekara P. H., Perera E., Weerakoon H. S. 2010; Clinico-histopathological correlation and the treatment response of 20 patients with cutaneous tuberculosis. Dermatol Online J 16:13[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Ridley D. S., Jopling W. H. 1966; Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 34:255–273[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Robertson J., Meier M., Wall J., Ying J., Fichtenbaum C. J. 2006; Immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV: validating a case definition and identifying clinical predictors in persons initiating antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 42:1639–1646 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Sali M., De Maio F., Caccuri F., Campilongo F., Sanguinetti M., Fiorentini S., Delogu G., Giagulli C. 2016; Multicenter evaluation of anyplex plus MTB/NTM MDR-TB assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and multidrug-resistant isolates in pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens. J Clin Microbiol 54:59–63 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Santos J. B., Figueiredo A. R., Ferraz C. E., Oliveira M. H., Silva P. G., Medeiros V. L. 2014; Cutaneous tuberculosis: epidemiologic, etiopathogenic and clinical aspects - part I. An Bras Dermatol 89:219–228 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Sester M., Sotgiu G., Lange C., Giehl C., Girardi E., Migliori G. B., Bossink A., Dheda K., Diel R. et al. 2011; Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 37:100–111 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Solovic I., Jonsson J., Korzeniewska-Koseła M., Chiotan D. I., Pace-Asciak A., Slump E., Rumetshofer R., Abubakar I., Kos S. et al. 2013; Challenges in diagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the European Union, 2011. Euro Surveill 18:12
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Tebruegge M., Curtis N. 2011; Mycobacterium marinum infection. Adv Exp Med Biol 719:201–210 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Wang H., Wu Q., Lin L., Cui P. 2011; Cutaneous tuberculosis: a diagnostic and therapeutic study of 20 cases. J Dermatolog Treat 22:310–314 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Wentworth A. B., Drage L. A., Wengenack N. L., Wilson J. W., Lohse C. M. 2013; Increased incidence of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, 1980 to 2009: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 88:38–45 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Wolf A. J., Desvignes L., Linas B., Banaiee N., Tamura T., Takatsu K., Ernst J. D. 2008; Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on antigen production in the local lymph node, not the lungs. J Exp Med 205:105–115 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. World Health Organization 2014; Global tuberculosis report 2014.
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005070
Loading
/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005070
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error